The nature of male and female monasticism differed greatly in France both before and during the revolution. Furthermore, the prospect of capturing Spanish territories in the New World proved very attractive. It was the first truly global war.[5]. Although the Edict of Nantes (1598) permitted the existence of prostestant churches in the realm (characterized as "a state within a state"), the next eighty years saw the rights of the Huguenots slowly stripped away, until Louis XIV finally revoked the edict in 1685, producing a massive emigration of Huguenots to other countries. Secretary of State for Protestant Affairs (combined with the secretary of the Maison du Roi in 1749). The most important public source for borrowing was through the system of "rentes sur l'Hôtel de Ville" of Paris, a kind of government bond system offering investers annual interest. Under Henry IV and Louis XIII the administrative apparatus of the court and its councils was expanded and the proportion of the "noblesse de robe" increased, culminating in the following positions during the 17th century: Royal administration in the provinces had been the role of the bailliages and sénéchaussées in the Middle Ages, but this declined in the early modern period, and by the end of the 18th century, the bailliages served only a judicial function. This made for greater diversity among them than among male monasteries.[24]. The French monarchy was irrevocably linked to the Catholic Church (the formula says "la France est la fille aînée de l'église", or "France is the eldest daughter of the church"), and French theorists of the divine right of kings and sacerdotal power in the Renaissance had made these links explicit: Henry IV was able to ascend to the throne only after abjuring Protestantism. Collection: Bouquins. Intendants attached to a province had jurisdiction over finances, justice and policing. At first he sent missionaries to convert them, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism. State finances also relied heavily on borrowing, both private (from the great banking families in Europe) and public. "[4], The Nine Years' War (1688–97) was a major conflict between France and a European-wide coalition of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Spain, England, and Savoy. Taxation districts had gone through a variety of mutations from the 14th century on. The most important public source for borrowing was through the system of rentes sur l'Hôtel de Ville of Paris, a kind of government bond system offering investors annual interest. Their role steadily increased and by the mid-17th century, the généralités were under the authority of an intendant, and they became a vehicle for the expansion of royal power in matters of justice, taxation and policing. Armée Publisher Paris : L.H. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème Ancien régime, Ancien, Bavière. The recettes générales, commonly known as généralités, were initially only taxation districts (see State finances below). ISBN 2-221-04810-5, Société d'Ancien Régime en France — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Société. In 1670, their purview was overseen by the présidiaux (see below). In the exercise of their legal functions, they sat alone, but had to consult with certain lawyers (avocats or procureurs) chosen by themselves, whom, to use the technical phrase, they "summoned to their council". The main powers had exhausted themselves in warfare, with many deaths, disabled veterans, ruined navies, high pension costs, heavy loans and high taxes. The four members of each board were divided by geographical circumscriptions (although the term généralité isn't found before the end of the 15th century). A growing number of the French citizenry had absorbed the ideas of "equality" and "freedom of the individual" as presented by Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Turgot, and other philosophers and social theorists of the Enlightenment. Spain's American colonies produced enormous quantities of silver, which were brought to Spain every few years in convoys. Russiawas the most populated European country at the time. Although exempted from the taille, the church was required to pay the crown a tax called the "free gift" ("don gratuit"), which it collected from its office holders, at roughly 1/20 the price of the office (this was the "décime", reapportioned every five years). Nuns were both entering the profession later and living longer than before. Those Huguenots who stayed in France became Catholics and were called "new converts." Under the regime, everyone was a subject of the king of France as well as a member of an estate and province. A series of small civil wars that broke out in southern France between 1610 and 1635 were long considered by historians to be regional squabbles between rival noble families. The provinces were of three sorts, the pays d'élection, the pays d'état and the pays d'imposition. *Secretaries of State: created in 1547 by Henri II, of greater importance after 1588, generally 4 in number, but occasionally 5:**Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs**Secretary of State for War, also oversaw France's border provinces. * "Parlements" - eventually 14 in number: Paris, Languedoc (Toulouse), Provence (Aix), Franche-Comté (Besançon), Guyenne (Bordeaux), Burgundy (Dijon), Flanders (Douai), Dauphiné (Grenoble), Lorraine (Nancy), Metz (formerly one of the Trois-Évêchés), Navarre (Pau), Brittany (Rennes, briefly in Nantes), Normandy (Rouen) and (from 1523-1771) Dombes (Trévoux). Louis XIV acted more and more aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert. The representative of the king in his provinces and cities was the gouverneur. C'est le siècle qui a forgé toutes les armes victorieuses contre cet insaisissable adversaire qu'on appelle l'ennui. ISBN 2-221-08110-2* Salmon, J.H.M. OK. ISBN 2-221-07426-2* Jouanna, Arlette and Jacqueline Boucher, Dominique Biloghi, Guy Thiec. The royal administration in the Renaissance was divided between a small counsel (the "secret" and later "high" counsel) of 6 or fewer members (3 members in 1535, 4 in 1554) for important matters of state; and a larger counsel for judicial or financial affairs. Their role in provincial unrest during the civil wars led Cardinal Richelieu to create the more tractable positions of intendants of finance, policing and justice, and in the 18th century the role of provincial governors was greatly curtailed. In the pays d'élection (the longest held possessions of the French crown; some of these provinces had had the equivalent autonomy of a pays d'état in an earlier period, but had lost it through the effects of royal reforms) the assessment and collection of taxes were trusted to elected officials (at least originally, later these positions were bought), and the tax was generally "personal", meaning it was attached to non-noble individuals. In the 17th century peasants had ties to the market economy, provided much of the capital investment necessary for agricultural growth, and frequently moved from village to village (or town). Despite, however, the notion of “absolute monarchy” (typified by the king's right to issue lettres de cachet) and the efforts by the kings to create a centralized state, ancien régime France remained a country of systemic irregularities: administrative (including taxation), legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped, while the French nobility struggled to maintain their own rights in the matters of local government and justice, and powerful internal conflicts (like the Fronde) protested against this centralization. In the "pays d'élection" (the longest held possessions of the French crown; some of these provinces had had the equivalent autonomy of a "pays d'état" in an earlier period, but had lost it through the effects of royal reforms) the assessment and collection of taxes were trusted to elected officials (at least originally, later these positions were bought), and the tax was generally "personal", meaning it was attached to non-noble individuals. By the 18th century, royal administrative power was firmly established in the provinces, despite protestations by local parlements. France's lead slowly faded after 1700, as other countries grew faster. Drawing by Georg Wille of an opéra comique, possibly Monsigny's Le Roi et le fermier, being performed at the Hôtel de Bourgogne in 1767. In 1749, under Louis XV of France, a new tax based on the "dixième", the "vingtième" (or "one-twentieth"), was enacted to reduce the royal deficit, and this tax continued through the remaining years of the ancien régime. In the 16th century, the kings of France, in an effort to exert more direct control over royal finances and to circumvent the double-board (accused of poor oversight) – instituted numerous administrative reforms, including the restructuring of the financial administration and an increase in the number of généralités. Another key source of state financing was through charging fees for state positions (such as most members of parlements, magistrates, maître des requêtes and financial officers). 1845. It included Prussia and most of the other German states, The Dutch Republic, Portugal, Savoy (in Italy) and England. Justice in seigneurial lands (including those held by the church or within cities) was generally overseen by the seigneur or his delegated officers. The theme recurs throughout nineteenth-century French literature, with Balzac and Flaubert alike attacking the mores of the new upper classes. Under Charles VIII and Louis XII the king's counsel was dominated by members of twenty or so noble or rich families; under François I the number of counsellors increased to roughly 70 individuals (although the old nobility was proportionally more important than in the previous century). The major tax collectors in that system were known as the fermiers généraux (farmers-general in English). The provinces were of three sorts, the "pays d'élection", the "pays d'état" and the "pays d'imposition". Hyman, 1988. Riley, James C. "French Finances, 1727-1768,", Sutherland, D. M. G. "Peasants, Lords, and Leviathan: Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism, 1780-1820,", This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 06:01. Britain had five or six million, Spain had eight million, and the Austrian Habsburgs had around eight million. [31] The role of women has recently received attention, especially regarding their religiosity. Its two main strongholds were south west France and Normandy, but even in these districts the Catholics were a majority. [12] Given that such a union between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire would, in the eyes of Charles VI's allies, be too powerful, most of the allies quickly concluded a separate peace with France. Finally, the church benefited from a mandatory tax or tithe called the dîme. The major tax collectors in that system were known as the "fermiers généraux" (farmers-general in English). The national judicial system was made-up of tribunals divided into "bailliages" (in northern France) and "sénéchaussées" (in southern France); these tribunals (numbering around 90 in the 16th century, and far more at the end of the 18th) were supervised by a "lieutenant général" and were subdivided into:* "prévôtés" supervised by a "prévôt"* or (as was the case in Normandy) into "vicomtés" supervised by a "vicomte" (the position could be held by non-nobles)* or (in parts of northern France) into châtellenies supervised by a "châtelain" (the position could be held by non-nobles)* or, in the south, into "vigueries" or "baylies" supervised by a "viguier" or a "bayle".In an effort to reduce the case load in the parlements, certain "bailliages" were given extended powers by Henri II of France: these were called "présidiaux". The prévôts or their equivalent were the first-level judges for non-nobles and ecclesiastics. Geographic mobility, directly tied to the market and the need for investment capital, was the main path to social mobility. A Monsieur megjelölés (önálló főnévként, mindig nagy kezdőbetűvel) az ancien régime idején (azaz a francia forradalom előtt) a francia király legidősebb öccsének (frère cadet du roi de France) címzése volt.. Eredete. This system first came to use in 1523 under François I. C'est au XVIe siècle qu'apparaît le concept souveraineté défini par Bodin. * "Chambre des comptes" combined with "Cours des aides" - Aix, Bar-le-Duc, Dole, Nancy, Montpellier, Pau, Rouen* "Cours des monnaies" - Paris; additionally Lyon (1704-1771), and (after 1766), the chambre des comptes of Bar-le-Duc and Nancy. L'Ancien Régime est une période historiquement difficile à borner, nous nous contenterons alors dans cet exposé de la période entre 1600 et la Révolution française. To this mindset, the Ancien Régime expressed a bygone era of refinement and grace, before the Revolution and its associated changes disrupted the aristocratic tradition and ushered in a crude, uncertain modernity. Example of Ideologies. 2017 - La fin de l'ancien régime. [Salmon, p. However, in 1515, Francis I signed a new agreement with Pope Leo X, the Concordat of Bologna, which gave the king the right to nominate candidates and the pope the right of investiture; this agreement infuriated gallicans, but gave the king control over important ecclesiastical offices with which to benefit nobles. With the names and subdivisions of the 17th - 18th century, these subcouncils were: Governmental Councils:* "Conseil d'en haut" ("High Council", concerning the most important matters of state) - composed of the king, the crown prince (the "dauphin"), the chancellor, the "contrôleur général des finances", and the secretary of state in charge of foreign affairs. Before the 14th century, oversight of the collection of royal taxes fell generally to the baillis and sénéchaux in their circumscriptions. Revolution was not due to a single event but to a series of events, that together irreversibly changed the organization of political power, the nature of society, and the exercise of individual freedoms. There was also parlement in Savoy (Chambery) from 1537-1559. Collins (1991) argues that the Annales School paradigm underestimated the role of the market economy; failed to explain the nature of capital investment in the rural economy; and grossly exaggerated social stability. New York: Norton, 1971. Pierre Goubert an Daniel Roche, Les Français et l'Ancien Régime, 1984. This was a confrontation between two different styles[8] of Ancien Regime, the french style and the spanish style (or Habsburg's style). By the Revolution, there were 36 généralités; the last two were created in 1784. "Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century." those in Catholic religious orders) in France numbered into the tens of thousands in the 16th century. Spain had a number of major assets, apart from its homeland itself. At the death of Louis XIV, the Regent Philippe II, Duke of Orléans abandoned several of the above administrative structures, most notably the Secretaries of State, which were replaced by Counsels. The Wars of Religion saw this control over censorship however pass to the parliament, and in the 17th century to the royal censors, although the church maintained a right to petition. Certain provinces and cities had won special privileges (such as lower rates in the gabelle or salt tax). As the revolution proceeded, power devolved from the monarchy and the privileged-by-birth to more-representative political bodies, like legislative assemblies, but conflicts among the formerly allied republican groups became the source of considerable discord and bloodshed. Until 1661, the head of the financial system in France was generally the surintendant des finances. The most important of these royal tribunals was the prévôté [Despite being called a "prévôté", the "prévôté" of Paris was effectively a "bailliage". Even before the Edict of Alès (1629), Protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more. In the mid 15th century, France was significantly smaller than it is today, [Bély, 21. Much of the medieval political centralization of France had been lost in the Hundred Years' War, and the Valois Dynasty's attempts at re-establishing control over the scattered political centres of the country were hindered by the Wars of Religion. Until the late 17th century, tax collectors were called receveurs. The church also claimed a prerogative to judge certain crimes, most notably heresy, although the Wars of Religion did much to place this crime in the purview of the royal courts and parliament. By the 18th century, royal administrative power was firmly established in the provinces, despite protestations by local parlements. Calvinists lived primarily in the Midi; about 200,000 Lutherans lived in Alsace, where the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia still protected them. 1241-1269 The taille was only one of a number of taxes. In an attempt to reform the system, new divisions were created. Protestantism in France was considered a grave threat to national unity, as the Huguenot minority felt a closer affinity with German and Dutch Calvinists than with their fellow Frenchmen. France's enemies formed a Grand Alliance, led by the Holy Roman Empire's Leopold I. Chaque individu était membre d'un groupe, familial, local, professionnel, spirituel qui lui conférait des droits et des devoirs particuliers. [13] The former members of the alliance, too, profited from the war; the United Provinces had maintained its independence in the face of French aggression; the Habsburgs had picked up territory north of Austria and in Italy, including the erstwhile Spanish Netherlands and Naples; but the greatest beneficiary of the war was Britain, which, in addition to extensive extra-European territorial gains made at the expense of Spain and France, also established further checks to French expansion within the continent by moderately strengthening its European allies.